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Variable
Nigeria (N
Mali (N
Guinea (N
Zambia (N
n(%)
visit ≥ 8
≤ 3 months
n(%)
visit ≥ 8
≤ 3 months
n(%)
visit ≥ 8
≤ 3 months
n(%)
visit ≥ 8
≤ 3 months
Prevalence, % (95% CI)
Prevalence, % (95% CI)
Prevalence, % (95% CI)
Prevalence, % (95% CI)
Prevalence, % (95% CI)
Prevalence, % (95% CI)
Prevalence, % (95% CI)
Prevalence, % (95% CI)
Total (Prevalence, %)
17.7 (16.4–19.2)
17.6 (16.4–19.0)
3.5 (2.6–4.6)
35.5 (32.8–38.3)
2.7 (1.9–3.6)
26.2 (23.3–29.4)
1.4 (0.9–2.3)
38.2 (34.6–41.9)
Labour force participation
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p = 0.014
p < 0.001
p = 0.095
p = 0.015
p = 0.163
p = 0.033
Low
2250 (33.5)
10.4 (8.8–12.3)
12.5 (10.9–14.4)
817 (42.2)
3.6 (2.3–5.6)
36.3 (32.3–40.5)
596 (36.3)
3.1 (2.0–4.9)
25.4 (21.7–29.7)
715 (46.8)
1.0 (0.5–2.1)
38.5 (34.1–43.2)
Middle
2132 (31.8)
14.3 (12.5–16.2)
17.4 (15.5–19.4)
455 (23.5)
1.1 (0.4–3.0)
25.2 (21.2–29.6)
478 (29.1)
1.3 (0.6–2.9)
21.7 (17.4–26.8)
352 (23.1)
2.7 (1.3–5.5)
44.5 (37.3–51.9)
High
2326 (34.7)
28.0 (25.3–30.8)
22.9 (20.5–25.4)
665 (34.3)
4.9 (3.4–7.0)
41.6 (37.4–45.8)
569 (34.6)
3.3 (2.1–5.3)
30.9 (26.2–36.1)
459 (30.1)
1.0 (0.3–3.7)
32.9 (27.2–39.1)
Disagreement to justification toward wife beating
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p = 0.008
p = 0.069
p = 0.962
p = 0.079
p = 0.435
p = 0.781
Low
1369 (20.4)
6.3 (4.9–8.2)
10.4 (8.6–12.6)
758 (39.1)
1.8 (1.0–3.2)
31.9 (27.9–36.1)
1608 (37.4)
2.7 (1.5–4.7)
28.2 (23.9–33.0)
381 (24.9)
0.7 (0.2–2.1)
39.8 (33.2–46.6)
Middle
872 (13.0)
10.2 (8.1–12.7)
14.0 (11.5–17.0)
604 (31.2)
5.1 (3.4–7.6)
37.2 (32.7–42.0)
1415 (32.9)
2.8 (1.6–5.1)
21.4 (17.1–26.4)
374 (24.5)
1.9 (0.7–5.0)
38.7 (32.4–45.4)
High
4468 (66.6)
22.7 (20.8–24.7)
20.6 (19.0–22.3)
575 (29.7)
4.0 (2.6–6.1)
38.5 (33.9–41.1)
1281 (29.7)
2.5 (1.5–4.2)
27.8 (23.2–32.9)
772 (50.6)
1.5 (0.7–2.9)
37.2 (33.0–41.7)
Health decision making power
p < 0.001
p = 0.001
P < 0.001
p < 0.001
p = 0.045
p = 0.013
p = 0.809
p = 0.355
Low
1375 (20.5)
14.6 (12.2–17.5)
14.8 (12.5–17.5)
527 (27.2)
0.8 (0.3–2.0)
26.7 (22.3–31.7)
1024 (23.8)
1.7 (0.1–3.2)
21.8 (17.9–26.3)
279 (18.3)
1.4 (0.5–3.9)
42.9 (35.6–50.6)
Middle
1981 (29.5)
13.3 (11.5–15.4)
16.0 (14.1–18.1)
398 (20.6)
2.7 (1.3–5.4)
29.9 (24.9–35.5)
870 (20.2)
2.0 (0.8–4.6)
28.1 (23.8–32.9)
184 (12.0)
2.0 (0.4–9.0)
37.6 (28.3–47.9)
High
3353 (50.0)
21.6 (19.6–23.8)
19.8 (18.0–21.6)
1012 (52.2)
5.1 (3.8–7.0)
42.3 (38.6–46.0)
2409 (56.0)
4.4 (2.9–6.6)
29.9 (25.4–34.9)
1063 (69.7)
1.3 (0.7–2.4)
37.1 (33.4–40.9)
Household decision making power
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p = 0.632
p < 0.001
p = 0.458
p = 0.745
p = 0.748
p = 0.001
Low
2672 (39.8)
7.9 (6.7–9.2)
12.0 (10.6–13.6)
1221 (63.0)
3.2 (2.3–4.5)
45.3 (42.0–48.6)
2567 (59.6)
3.3 (2.0–5.4)
26.2 (22.2–30.6)
490 (32.1)
1.8 (0.8–3.9)
46.5 (40.1–53.1)
Middle
1797 (26.8)
15.4 (13.4–17.6)
16.2 (14.2–18.3)
81 (34.2)
2.7 (0.7–10.5)
36.1 (33.2–39.2)
275 (6.4)
2.0 (1.1–3.8)
25.1 (20.7–30.0)
608 (39.9)
1.3 (0.6–3.2)
36.1 (31.4–41.0)
High
2240 (33.4)
31.4 (28.7–34.2)
25.6 (23.2–28.1)
635 (32.8)
4.1 (2.6–6.2)
34.3 (31.1–37.6)
1462 (34.0)
2.5 (1.5–4.3)
27.3 (23.1–32.0)
428 (28.0)
1.1 (0.4–2.7)
31.7 (26.3–37.8)
Gender norm for sex negotiation
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p = 0.121
p = 0.020
p = 0.233
p = 0.011
p = 0.411
p = 0.500
Low
2789 (41.6)
8.0 (6.7–9.4)
10.6 (9.3–12.2)
1180 (60.9)
5.3 (2.8–9.9)
32.7 (29.5–36.2)
2507 (58.2)
2.0 (1.2–3.3)
24.2 (21.0–27.8)
356 (23.3)
0.6 (0.1–2.5)
35.6 (28.8–43.0)
Middle
1183 (17.6)
17.0 (14.5–19.9)
20.6 (17.8–23.7)
219 (11.3)
4.4 (2.8–6.9)
41.4 (34.0–49.1)
615 (14.3)
3.1 (1.7–5.5)
23.8 (18.6–30.0)
310 (20.3)
1.8 (0.6–5.5)
36.8 (30.1–44.0)
High
2737 (40.8)
28.0 (25.6–30.6)
23.5 (21.6–25.6)
538 (27.8)
3.5 (2.6–4.6)
39.2 (34.5–44.0)
1183 (27.5)
3.7 (2.1–6.3)
32.9 (27.6–38.6)
860 (56.4)
1.6 (0.9–2.7)
39.8 (35.6–44.1)
Knowledge level of survival
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p = 0.554
p = 0.344
Low
2595 (38.7)
3.4 (2.6–4.4)
8.6 (7.3–10.1)
823 (42.5)
0.6 (0.3–1.6)
24.5 (21.2–28.1)
1836 (42.7)
1.1 (0.6–2.1)
20.9 (17.4–25.0)
601 (39.4)
1.3 (0.5–3.1)
40.5 (34.5–46.7)
Middle
1946 (29.0)
14.9 (12.9–17.2)
16.8 (14.7–19.1)
557 (28.8)
3.0 (1.7–5.0)
31.7 (27.7–36.0)
1083 (25.2)
2.0 (1.0–4.3)
28.6 (23.7–34.0)
416 (27.3)
0.9 (0.3–2.6)
38.5 (33.0–44.3)
High
2168 (32.3)
37.4 (34.9–40.1)
29.2 (26.9–31.7)
557 (28.7)
8.1 (5.9–11.2)
55.6 (51.3–59.9)
1385 (32.2)
6.1 (4.1–8.9)
33.0 (27.9–38.6)
508 (33.3)
1.9 (0.9–4.1)
35.3 (30.7–40.2)
Ownership of assets
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p = 0.508
p = 0.143
p = 0.042
p = 0.001
p = 0.700
p = 0.001
Low
5819 (86.7)
16.9 (15.5–18.5)
16.8 (15.5–18.2)
1039 (53.6)
3.9 (2.7–5.6)
30.9 (24.8–37.8)
2360 (54.8)
3.4 (2.3–5.0)
29.3 (25.5–33.5)
670 (43.9)
1.4 (0.8–2.6)
32.1 (27.9–36.5)
Middle
132 (2.0)
30.3 (22.5–39.3)
33.8 (25.6–43.2)
290 (15.0)
2.4 (1.2–5.1)
34.0 (29.4–38.8)
684 (15.9)
2.6 (1.5–4.6)
25.6 (21.3–30.4)
673 (44.1)
1.2 (0.5–2.8)
42.9 (37.3–48.6)
High
758 (11.3)
21.9 (18.5–25.6)
21.5 (18.4–24.9)
607 (31.4)
3.2 (2.0–5.2)
35.5 (32.8–38.3)
1260 (29.3)
0.6 (0.2–2.6)
18.1 (13.9–23.1)
183 (12.0)
2.2 (0.5–8.8)
43.5 (35.4–52.0)
Family planning knowledge
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
p = 0.190
p = 0.565
p = 0.012
p < 0.001
p = 0.913
p = 0.164
Low
3640 (54.3)
11.7 (10.4–13.2)
13.9 (12.5–15.4)
834 (43.0)
2.6 (1.6–4.1)
37.6 (33.8–41.6)
531 (31.3)
1.8 (0.9–3.7)
19.6 (16.1–23.5)
400 (26.2)
1.2 (0.5–3.1)
39.7 (33.5–46.3)
Middle
836 (12.5)
15.1 (12.3–18.4)
17.1 (14.4–20.2)
821 (42.4)
4.5 (3.0–6.6)
38.9 (36.5–41.4)
740 (45.0)
2.1 (1.3–3.4)
27.8 (23.6–32.5)
883 (57.9)
1.4 (0.7–2.7)
36.1 (31.7–40.7)
High
2233 (33.3)
28.6 (25.8–31.6)
24.0 (21.8–26.4)
282 (14.6)
3.2 (1.6–6.6)
38.6 (36.5–40.7)
372 (22.7)
4.9 (3.1–7.8)
32.6 (27.1–38.6)
243 (15.9)
1.7 (0.7–4.1)
43.6 (36.9–50.6)
